Modern Biology 03-121

Spring 98

Exam 4 Study Guide

Chapter 11

DNA structure:

pentose sugar nitrogenous base purine (adenine, guanine) nucleotide double helix 3' end complementary base-pairingphosphate

pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine) phosphodiester linkage polynucleotide chain antiparallel 5' end sugar-phosphate backbone

Replication:

semiconservative DNA polymerase leading strand lagging strand origin of replication RNA primer DNA helicase bidirectional

5' -3' direction nucleoside triphosphates Okazaki fragments DNA ligase replication fork helix-destabilizing proteins topoisomerase

Chapter 12

Transcription :

mRNA uracil substitutes for thymine 5' -3' direction upstream leader sequences of mRNA protein coding sequences of mRNA

RNA polymerase complementary base-pairing template strand promoter region of DNA transcript downstream trailing sequences of mRNA

Translation:

protein polypeptide codon initiation elongation termination release factors

start codon stop codon tRNA ribosomes (A site and P site) anticodon amino end--carboxyl end amino acids

Eukaryotic posttranscriptional modifications and processing:

5' Cap poly-A tail

introns/exons/splicing mRNA transport to cytosol

Mutations:

base substitution mutation missense mutation reading frame mutagen

nonsense mutation frameshift mutation DNA repair enzymes

Be able to describe the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.

Chapter 13

The regulation of gene expression:

constitutive genes regulated genes heterochromatin posttranslational modifications posttranscriptional modifications

operon lactose operon promoter operator repressor protein

Be able to describe the way in which the lactose operon functions.

Be able to discuss the ways by which eukaryotic gene expression can be controlled.

Chapter 14

Genetic Engineering:

restriction enzymes sticky ends palindromic sequences cloning gel electrophoresis restriction mapping transgenic organisms gene therapy polymerase chain reaction (PCR) vector

plasmid DNA ligase antibiotic resistance recombinant DNA molecule amplification DNA Fingerprint RFLP's (restriction fragment length polymorphism) VNTR's (variable number tandem repeats) radioactive probes

Know how to construct a recombinant DNA molecule.

Know how the polymerase chain reaction works.

Chapter 15

Human Genetics:

birth defect aneuploidy disomic trisomic monosomic autosomal dominant

polyploidy non-disjunction Down's syndrome pedigree analysis autosomal recessive X-linked recessive

Be able to explain the process of non-disjunction.

Be able to read a simple human pedigree.