| THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR ELEMENTS OF THE INTEGRATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
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| Vaccination depends on the integrated specific immune response
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Table 36-2.
Effector functions of antibodies. |
| Body_ID: None |
| Effector functions of antibodies |
| Body_ID: T036002.50 |
| Type | Functions | Concentration in peripheral blood |
| Body_ID: T036002.100 |
| IgG | neutralisation | 5.0-16.0 g/L |
| Body_ID: T036002.150 |
| | opsonization for neutrophils and macrophages | |
| Body_ID: T036002.200 |
| | passive immunity for foetus via transplacental passage | |
| Body_ID: T036002.250 |
| | complement activation via classical pathway | |
| Body_ID: T036002.300 |
| | antibody - dependent, cell - mediated cytotoxicity | |
| Body_ID: T036002.350 |
| | natural killer - cell killing of antibody bound cells | |
| Body_ID: T036002.400 |
| | achieved by FcRs (receptors for the Fc portion) | |
| Body_ID: T036002.450 |
| | major isotype used in a secondary antibody response | |
| Body_ID: T036002.500 |
| IgA | defence of mucosal surfaces as the most | 0.5-4.0 g/L |
| Body_ID: T036002.550 |
| | predominant immunoglobulin produced by MALT, | |
| Body_ID: T036002.600 |
| | neutralisation | |
| Body_ID: T036002.650 |
| IgM | neutralisation | 0.5-2.0 g/L |
| Body_ID: T036002.700 |
| | most effective classical complement pathway activator, | |
| Body_ID: T036002.750 |
| | predominant isotype in primary antibody responses | |
| Body_ID: T036002.800 |
| IgD | possible role in signal transduction and B cell maturation, | 0.03 g/L |
| Body_ID: T036002.850 |
| | significance of circulating IgD is undefined | |
| Body_ID: T036002.900 |
| IgE | major role is defence of mucosal surfaces against multicellular microorganisms | <120 kU/L |
| Body_ID: T036002.950 |
| page 519 |  | | page 520 |
| Figure 36.10 Summary of the specific immune response. Interrelationships between cellular and humoral components of the specific immune response. APC, antigen presenting cell; Th, T-helper cell; Tc, cytotoxic T cell; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T-cell receptor. |
| page 520 | | | page 521 |
| Probably the single most beneficial application of the basic function of the immune response, as we have now described it, has been the vaccination. The process of vaccination illustrates well the interactions of the humoral and cellular
arms of the specific immune response and the features that characterize it best - specificity and memory. On first encounter with antigen, the immune system and antigen interact to select lymphocytes with the receptors specific for that antigen. These undergo activation, proliferation and differentiation into effector memory cells, a process that may take up to 14 days to complete (Fig. 36.10). However, the process of memory cell generation, now leaves a body of cells semi-primed for that specific antigen. On subsequent exposure, the response is more rapid in view of the partly activated
state of the memory cells, and more effective as a consequence of a degree of maturation of the response, due to the differentiation of the lymphocytes that has already taken place.
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| With reference to antibody responses, the primary challenge elicits a predominantly IgM response. On subsequent challenge, the lymphocytes undergo further maturation and differentiation and isotype switching more rapidly to produce a predominantly IgG response. This provides additional effector functions to that obtained with just IgM. It is this heightened and more specific response that can reduce both the severity and the duration of any damage sustained by the offending antigen; this may be critical to the survival of the organism.
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