| Response elements are nucleotide sequences that allow specific stimuli, such as steroid hormones, cyclic AMP, or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), to control gene expression. Response elements are often part of promoters or enhancers where they function as binding sites for particular transcription factors. Response elements in promoters are cis-acting sequences that are typically on the order of 6 to 12 bases in length. A single gene may possess any number of different response elements. Multiple genes may possess the same response element, and this facilitates co-induction or co-repression of groups of genes, such as in response to a hormonal stimulus.
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